Task Eight – Transitions and Effects

Transitions and effects are used in films to make the film more dynamically interesting. It also used to create a manipulation of space and time. Either making time change or a change of location by a character abnormally (e,g by teleport). An example of an type of effect is transitions. Transitions is when one shot cuts another. There are many different transitions.
They are

• Straight Cut
• Dissolve
• Fade 
• Wipe

Straight Cut

Straight cut is one of the most common form of transition. This transition is invisible to people. It is a cut from one shot to another shot seamlessly without people noticing the transition. It helps to audience keep reality and not make the film abnormal. This is done to keep the tension of the scene. This stops the audience from getting distracted by loads of fancy cuts. In sharknado uses straight cuts to cut to the shorts to keep the tension of the shark attacking.

Dissolve

Dissolves are used in a lot of films as a cut. It is done by fading one shot off screen and fading another on screen. In the middle of the dissolve both shots will be on screen at the same time. It is used to show a link between the two shot , either the characters or the situation. It makes the audience see the link and make it the film flow. If it is not used the audience might not understand whats happening or a connection between characters or situations.  In twilight the dissolves are used to cut to loads of different shots in a venom dream sequence to show connections between each clip.

Fade

Fades are used  in some films as another form of cut. It is done by the shot gradually darkening till the screen goes to black or white. The black is used to represent a sad situation. The white is used to represent a happy situation or a heaven. Fades are used to show the end of a situation or section in the narrative. It also show the passing of time. The fades are used to make the audience know when a scene was ending and the emotion of the scene and the scene to come. If it is not used the situation will look continuous even if it has finished so the audience will get confused. In insidious it is used to show the dramatic the cliff hanger and the drama/sadness of the scene. 

Wipes

Wipes are used in films as the least popular form of a  cuts  It is done by one image getting pushed off screen by another . They either go right to left or left to right. It is more used by going right to left.. It makes the audience to view a time change. It is used to see a change in location. But both scenes are happening at the time. This makes the audience understand that the scenes are connected and are happening at the same time. If it is not used the audience might understand that connection of the shots or the flow of the film.  In star wars wipe are used a lot. In this scene the wipe changes from  luke to tie fighters. They are usually used in this film to go from a shot of the protagonist to the antagonist.

Other effects can be used to manipulate time and space These include

• Graphic Match
• following the action
• multiple points of view
• shot variation
• manipulation of diegetic time and space

Graphic Match 

Graphic match is a effect used to manipulate space and time. It is done by b one image on screen changes to another one that looks similar. This combines two clips making  the scene more dynamic and makes the film flow. The shot causes the connection of the two items . E.g. a   circular mirror in a shop and a coin showing that the mirror and money is linked. The effect interest the audience and make them see the link so they understand what's happening. If it is not used the film is less interesting and might not understand a link between two things. In 2001: A space odyssey . The match is used to show a time change and a link from the past and the future.  

Following the action

Following the action is another effect creating a manipulation of space and time. Following the action is during an action sequence the camera follows what is happening from different angles and shots. It is used to make an action sequence more dramatic an excited. It is used to make the audience fell more engaged in the action and excited for what is happening. If it is not done the scene would not be interesting and you wont b able to see what is happening. In resident evil the camera follows Claire and Chris redfield when they are fighting Wesker. 



Multiple points of view

Multiple points of view  is another effect creating a manipulation of space and time. Multiple points of view is  when a situation  is seen form more than one point of view . It shows other characters perspectives of a situation and what happens to them. This makes the audience see what is happening to each character so they can keep cheek what each person is doing. If it is not used  the audience will not see whats happening to each character, so when one dies the audience will not know.  In the Avengers you see what each Avenger is doing in the battle.



Shot Variation

Shot variation is another effect creating a manipulation of space and time. Shot variation is when a shot is one continuous shot with no cuts or edits. The shot can be wither still or moving. This is done to make a scene dramatic . It makes the audience more apprehensive for what is happening. If it is not done  the scene will have so many edits it will distract the audience. In Harry Potter at 0:21 the shot variation occurs to show the confusion and drama of the scene.




Manipulation of diegetic time and space

Manipulation of time and space is done by all the effects I just mentioned. It is used to show a change in time. It shows the ageing of a character or object. Another effect the director can use is changing the colour of the scene. If all of this is not done the audience will not understand that time is changing.     

The other world

In my film I used many effects to manipulate time and space. In my film I used some transitions. These includes cut dissolves and fades. In my film I used the transitions to show when I enter and leave the world. The effects are used  effectively because it show when the world is changing ,so the audience knows when I enter and leave. But I  could   have use transitions better because they just happen there was no build up to them.I used multiple points of view. I used it to to see the view of the people in the dream to make them seem creepy and make the audience confused about the other characters. It was used effectively because it made the world different and confusing. I also change the colour of the scenes in the other world . I did this to make it obvious that it was a different world and make it seem strange. It was used effectively because the audience know the world has changed and fell anxious because the audience doesn't know what is coming and what characters were doing. 

Task 6 Non Continuity Editing

Non continuity editing

Directors use non continuity in their films. This is used to make the film more dramatic. There are a few different types of non continuity.

A Bout de Soufflé by Jean-Luc Goddard - Jump Cut

A jump cut is when in the middle of the scene the shot goes from one shot and jumps to another shot showing the sense of time jumping forward. This is used in A Bout de Soufflé by Jean-Luc Goddard. in this scene a man and women are driving along in the car. The jump cut comes when she is sitting in the car. At first we see her with nothing in her hand, then a mirror appears in her hand then it has gone again.  This is used to shock the view because it go appears and goes again without seeing it being taken out or put away. This used to draw attention to what is on screen . This means the audience will pay attention to what is happening making it more interesting ,so it is not just a car ride.   

The Shining by Stanley Kubrick - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule

The 180 degree rule  is when the camera stays in the 180 degree area from where you started filming making sure you don't cross it so it dose not confuse the people. If the director breaks the rule it makes the people look like they have swapped. When a director dose it, it is used t make the audience get a certain reaction. In the shinning it is used . In this scene Jack and Grady are in the bathroom. It starts with Jack on the left and and Grady on the left. This part is in a long short. Then the camera breaks the 180 degree rule and switches sides. It changes to a close up. This is used to to show the audience there's something wrong with the character. This the audience gets confused why it swaps. It shows the audience that Jack is not mentally stable.This is foreshadowing what is going to happen in the future.         

The Hunger Games by Gary Ross - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule

Another time  breaking the 180 degree rule is used in the hunger games when Katniss enters the room. She enters the room. This will be her room before she enters the game. The camera starts at one end of the room. Then it breaks the 180 degree rule and goes to the other side of the room. This swap create a sense of confusion because she is going to kill people, showing she is scared . This is also used to show to awe of hope different this world is to hers. This makes her feel small and weak in the capitol. This contradicts how she feels in her district where she is one of the most smart and powerful.

Task Seven – Engaging the Viewer/Creating Pace

Pace of editing

Pace of editing is used to increase the action and make it more emotive. this is done by many different techniques.



Speed of Editing

Speed of editing is used to show emotions  and increases either the drama or the tension. The speed of editing can either be short quick shots or long shots. Short shots are usually to create action. It is usually used in fight scenes. The quick shots change quickly to show the fast pace of the fight. An example of this is the resident evil Alice and Jill fight scene. The shots end quickly to show the fast pace action of the fight . The long shots are used to create suspense or tension.. This is by drawing the shot out longer making the audience apprehensive what is going to come in the next shot.




Cross Cutting

Cross Cutting is when you put two or more different scenes together. The scenes are put together to make the sense that these two scenes are happening at the same time. This make the audience wonder how the scene are connected and see how they come together. An example of this is the doctor who , the pandorica opens scene. This scene cuts between the doctor getting put into the pandorica , amy getting shot by Rory and the Tardis exploding with River song in it. This is to make a sense of worry for each character in their bad situation.





Cut Away

A cut away  is when a director takes a scene and puts a close up shot of something else. This shot will reveal a detail about the story or something thats been looked at. This is done with out distracting from the story. This gives the audience understanding or foreshadowing of what is coming. An example of this is in Jurassic Park. When Dennis is sterling the embryos, the camera zooms into the sign which reads " Embryo cold storage ... Restricted". This is used to explain what room he is stealing from.






Creating pace

The way of creating pace in films is done by changing the speed of editing. This is from long shot to a alot of shot shots. This is to show a build up of tension because it goes from a calm scene to a fast paced action. The other way is from a fast scene with loads of short shots to a scene with one a few long shots.This change usually occured when someone dies or gets hurt. This is show show to upset or loss making it more dramatic.
An example of this is in the battle of the black gate in lord of the rings.  The scene starts off with long shots before the fight , then speed up for the battle.



Developing the drama

When directors put all of these features these will heighten the drama in the film. When they add more fast editis it makes the audience either get excited or worried meaning that they see the drama.When added with cross cuts this make them wonder what is going to happen because all the action is going plus they see something else going on makeing them wonder how they are going to cross together heightening the drama . Then added cutaways will add more detail  making the dramma seem more intense because the audience gets an idea which is coming in the future. All of this together makes the view more engaged because they feel part of the action because they are either excited or apprehensive . An example when its is all put together is the hunger games cornucopia blood bath scene. This scene puts all the features together. It includes  speed of editing ,cutaways and cross cuts.

My pace film


I made my own pace film. The film  is about two people  going to school, then the bell rings. They both panic and both started rushing into school. W hen one of them starts running he runs into door falls up stairs and just do everything wrong.  The other walks normally goes through doors  walks up stairs normally and dose nothing wrong. He ends up going to the wrong class room. She gets to the right class room. When he gets to the right room he sits down. Then he finds out he forgot his homework. The film creates pace i many different ways. Firstly I used fast editing. In my film when they start running up stairs shorts shots are used . This is used to heighten the tension between him and her to see who will get their first. This makes the audience feel excited to see who will get their. The second thing used cross cutting. Their is two different scenes going on at once. This is used to heighten the drama because you can see what both people do to see who will get there first. This make the audience feel part of the action because they can see both people and they can choice and root for who they wanna win.  Finally I used cutaways. In my film i used a cut away to show the bell. The bell is used to indicate that the bell is about to ring. This is used to create the sense of worry because it make the audience realise that the character are late meaning they might get into trouble.

Task Three – From Analogue to Digital Editing

Analog filming and editing

Analog filming is made of 35mm film strip. The strip has the film stored onto it. Analog editing is cutting this celluloid film. They are all put or spliced together to form a film.They run though a projector at a the speed of 24 frames a second which show a moving picture. The pros of analog editing is that the editing is less complex. This is because the is not much hard editing is done when making a analog filming so it will be easier that digital editing. Another pro to analog editing is that  The con of analog editing is  that you do not have to learn a lot of different techniques or master any programs. This is because their  is only relatively simple editing  because their are no programs to do it on. You do it physically. The con of analog editing is that the films are very basic . This is because you can not do complex editing when analog editing because their is not much thing you can do when analog editing. Another con of analog editing is that
it is time consuming. This is because it takes time to go though the film, find the bits you want to use, cut out the bits you don't want, rearrange it to how you want and put in the edits you want.

Splicing is when the film editor cuts one bit of the film and sticks it to the other. This makes an simple form of editing. It creates either the next image or a cut to a new scene. This was done by hand by a editor. This will create a full film with edits. But in 1924 a moviola , which could splice films instead of dooing it by hand which saved time and made films longer.

Linear editing is arranging film clips in it's correct order. This order is pre predetermined in the planning stage of the film. It will be rearranged no matter the order it has been filmed.

Digital editing    

Digital editing is an electronic form of film. It is stored digitally instead of on film like analog. Digital editing is done on computers instead of done by hand. So it is stored in bytes. The pros of digital editing is that you can make longer more complex films. This is because on computers their are more editing techniques. This will mean that editing in digital films is better than editing in analog films. Another pro to digital editing is quicker to editing the same length clip in digital form than analog form. This is because the editing takes less time to do because their are more tools what speed up the editing. The con of digital editing is that you have learn a lot before you can start editing a film. You have to learn how to use a computer how to use the editing program and how to save and export the video. Another con is that it is costly. You have to buy a computer (or more than one), editing software,any other need equipment (e.g. headphones) and you have to pay the workers for working.

Non linear editing is when you take a digital clip. This allows you to get to each frame so you can change them wherever they are in the clip. This allows you to cut and paste any frame to where ever you want. You can add in different editing techniques including fades and transitions. This is something you can not achieve from analogue editing.  

          





 

Task Five – Continuity Editing

What is continuity editing 

Continuity editing is the main form of editing seen in films.  it was known as the popular classical Hollywood style of editing. It was introduced by American and European directors especially D.W. Griffith.  This is seen in his films the birth of a nation and intolerance.  It is a important part of a film because it  it make the film flow and make a sense of order and make the sense of time moving forward. Continuity editing uses certain technical features.  They are Match on action, eye-line match,  shot, reverse shot and 180 degree rule 

. 

Match on Action

Match on action is when two short are put together. They are show a character starting an action from one angle , then the section shot is the character completing the action from a different angle. This makes the audience see the whole action connecting the two scenes making them make sense. A film maker uses this to to connect two shots to make a complete shot so the story makes sense. If it is not used it would jump from one shot to a different shot, making it not make sense.

Eye-line  Match

Eye-line match is when also putting two shots together. The first shot is of a character looking at something. The second shot is of what the character is looking at. This makes the audience see what is happening making the audience understand what the character is looking at. A film maker would use it to create a sense of either excitement or tension depending what the scene is about. It also makes the audience feel part of the scene . So if it was in a horror film,  it would make the audience a sense of fear when they see what the character is looking at. If it is not used the audience might not be as interested or the audience  might not understand what is happening.   

Shot Reverse Shot

Shot reverse shot also links two shot together. The first shot introduces one character. The second shot introduces the second character. This makes the audience see all the characters introducing them all to the audience so they understand who is having a conversation.  A film maker would use it to introduce the characters . It is also used to interests the audience showing difference shots. If it was not used the audience would not know who is talking .

      

180 degree rule

The 180 degree rule is a rule that the two characters should stay in the same position . This is done by keeping the camera inside the same 180 degree area. This causes the characters stay in the same position.  A Film maker uses this to make the scene makes sense . So it dose not look like it is swapping confusing them . If it is not used it will confuse the audience. 

In my film I tried to used these features to make it a film following the rules of continuity.

 

In my film we used match on action, eye-line match,  shot, reverse shot ,180 degree rule and point of view.

I used a match on action when Kayley walk into the classroom , walk toward the desk then the next shot was her waking in front of the desk. It was effective in the scene because it shows where Kayley went through the class room making it make sense. But it could have been done better because it dose not really show it from a different angle so it was not really showing a completion of situation.

In my film we also used a eyeline match. The eye line match was used when Nicola was on the computer. The audience see Nicola looking at something, then the next shot is what she is looking at. It is used effectively because you get to see what she is looking at . Which means it makes sence to the audience.

In my film I use shot reverse shot. It is used when kayley and Nicola talking about their revenge. It is used to show kayley wanting to know the plan and Nicola telling her the plan. Irt us sued to show Nicola telling her and Kayley reaction to the plan. It is used effectively because it show the reaction of the characters and makes the audience want to know what is going to happen.

In my film we also used  180 degree rule. It is used when Nicola and Kayley are talking. It is used to make the scene make sense and wont confuse the audience making the film flow. It is used effectively because I keep the 180 degree rule with out breaking it. This means the audience dose not gets confused.

Point of view is not used in my film. It was not in  our film because I did not remember to used it in the film. If i used it would have used it to when Kayley was attacking  Nicola It would have been used to show the fear on nicola and the aggression of  Kayley.

Overall the film was quite successful in demonstrating continuity editing. My film include all the features  of continuity editing acept point of view. All of the features were done effectively and make it very emotive. 

AS1, T2, Developing Editing Techniques

In camera editing is an old technique before computer editing was created. In camera editing is when you record each shot in the order it will be in the film. It was used a lot in early cinema before spliceing was invented. One of the first people to use in camera editing was George Melies in 1896 in the vanishing lady.

We created the clip using in camera editing. The first clip was caught by having the camera tilted up. We started film the first shot  then stopped when it finished. We then changed position then started filming again to make it go to the next shot to make the shot look like a natural shot and to get it in the right shot so it is inline. Then for the next shot it was a close up of Nicola being tripped up. This was used to make it look more obvious what happened. Then we did a shot of her filming. In this shot we found one of our difficulties of filming. When you are filming you have to get the actor to act at the same time as the filming starts. If you do not you will notice a gap in the film with a delay in acting.  The next scene was a long shot show the characters walking down the stairs. This caused a problem. It was hard to get the actors in the shot together with out them being covered by the celling but still being able to see the stairs. The final scene also caused a problem because you had to fit the camera with all  three actors in the same room and fit them all in.

The film had both good and bad points. The film was good because it had little mistakes. We were doing in camera editing so it was easy to make mistakes. Our film had little noticeable mistakes because our actors were well prepared  so the film looked more professional. Also the camera was always in the right position . In the film there is nothing in the way of the camera so all the shots are clear you can always see whats happening.  The problem with my film is that it was hard to get the camera in the right position to get all the shot in. I got it all in but it to a lot of work to fit it in. Also it was hard to fit the camera and three actors on the flight of stairs. The finale problem was the camera was shackey. Even though it was on a tripod it still had a lot of scenes where the camera was shacking.


There are pros and cons to in camera editing. The pros of in camera editing is that it dose not need much editing . So it is not that time consuming in the editing . Also it is cheeper because you only have to film. You only need to film the shots with camera so you do not need much expensive equipment. Also the film it formed quick so you don't need to spend a lot of money of food and rooms for actors.. The cons to in camera editing is that you can only film each shot once so their could be mistakes that you can't change. Also it is a very basic film because  there are little effect and only a few things could be done.  

Montarge

There are three types of montage. They are

• French montage
• Soviet montage of 1920's 
• Hollywood montage

The French montage

The word montage is French . The word montage has the meaning (assembly or instillation). This form of montage is simply just editing in film. So it is when a film is put together and effects added.

The Soviet montage of the 1920's

Soviet montage was created in the 1920's. It was used to covey a message and used for propaganda to indoctrinate people. Soviet montage is when film makers juxtaposing shots together .  These were shots that had little to do with each other. The shots were put together to make a new meaning. This meaning was not in the two shots alone.
There were two main soviet film directors:

• Lev Kuleshov
• Sergel Elsestiein

Lev Kuleshov

Lev Kuleshovone was one of the first film directors to come up with the montage with putting the two different shots together. he believed that film making is like building a building brick by brick. You build a wall by each brick building up, you make a film by building shots up until l it is finished. He created an experiment to prove his theory.  He used a old film clip of ahead shot of a Russian actor and different shot were put over the top of it. He showed this to audiences and they made a meaning from the two shots. He got awarded for his work. He summarised that when two shots are  put together audiences will come up with there own meaning,

Sergel Elsestiein

Sergel Elsestiein realised when you put two unrelated shots this  would cause an association  between the two. He showed this in his film strike.

  The film is about the strike in Russia and how the people were treated. The two shots are reinaction if the strike and a cow being slaughtered . he workers are being represented by the cow because the worker were treated like an animal. Then the cow getting slagutered was used to represent the workers getting kill by the more powerful people.






Hollywood montage

Hollywood montage is when a short sequence in a film. The sequence it is used to shorten as long period to fi shorten it. It is used when a charecter is making a improvement in something. An example of this is in Rocky

This scene  is showing the fighter Rocky training for his battle. He at first was not as strong for his fight , then he gets better. A long time frame is shorten to make this scene  shorter. This is also used to show all the training he goes through to make it seem more intense









I made two of my own montage scenes. They are a soviet montage and a hollywood montage



Soviet montage

The intention behind the montage was showing two friends they are having a conversation they seem happy , this is shown by the first image, but then the female character is annoyed shown but the second set of images. The montage meets its meaning because the montage is showing the inner feelings off the charterers. The main scene is showing the story , the images are showing the inner emotions. The montage is used to show a contrast to what is happening compared to inner emotions. The montage is successful because it  dose show the a contrast and makes the audience understand what is happening. But the story would not make sense if the montage was not there. Also there are not many different meanings you can get because what you get in the scene is not that different from the images.


Hollywood montage  

The intention of our montage is to show a normal day at school. The montage is used to show the day the whole day in a short period of time but still show everything that happens.  The montage makes the meaning of the film because it show the day of school and shows the transition from each scene to make it make sense . The film is successful because it shows the whole day of school and the transition through out the day. Also it make the audience feel part of the story. But the story would need a bit of explanation to fully say what was happening. Also the montage does not flow properly because there are some jumps with no expatiation why the character got to the places.